• Self-containedness: this means that all resources that are required to reproduce the document's visual appearance, such as fonts, color spaces, etc., are embedded within the document itself. In particular, the document must be device independent.

• Unicode mapping: this means that all of the document's content has been mapped to machine readable Unicode text. Such a mapping makes the document searchable, allows text to be copied and pasted, and allows text to be displayed in other forms (such as via a screen reader for the blind).

• Metadata: PDF/A specifies a standardized format for including metadata, such as the document's title, author, copyright, keywords, abstract, publication data, and so on. This helps to ensure that the document can be found and correctly indexed by search engines, libraries, etc.

In such situations, either the document's author, or the institution, or both, will perform a "check" to ensure that the document actually conforms to the PDF/A requirements. When it is done correctly, this check has two parts: automated validation and manual validation.

• Automated validation can be performed by software. Its purpose is to check that the document conforms to the technical requirements of the PDF/A standard (for example, presence of metadata, presence of Unicode mapping, presence of embedded fonts, etc).

• Manual validation must be performed by a person. Its purpose is to check that the document conforms to the intent of the PDF/A standard (for example, correctness and appropriateness of the metadata, correctness of the Unicode mapping).

There are a number of software tools available that perform automated validation of PDF/A documents. Probably the most common of these is the "Preflight" tool in Adobe® Acrobat® Pro ("View" → "Tools" → "Print Production" → "Preflight"). Unfortunately, Acrobat Pro is not free software. There are also a number of free and online tools available. Just google them. Note that not all tools are equivalent: a document validated by one tool could still fail validation using another.

Almost any PDF document can easily be converted to PDF/A-1b, using automated software tools such as the "Convert to PDF/A-1b" option of the Preflight tool of Acrobat Pro. So you could generate a "plain old" PDF file from your LaTeX sources, and then convert it to PDF/A using Acrobat Pro.

While one can sometimes get away with this method, the problem is that the resulting PDF/A-1b is of poor quality: if the input document did not contain metadata or Unicode mappings, then the conversion software will not be able to create this data out of thin air. It will typically generate empty metadata and incorrect Unicode mappings.

For example, consider two PDF/A documents containing this paragraph of text:

The first document example1.pdf was generated from LaTeX sources using pdflatex without any special steps, and then converted to PDF/A-1b using Acrobat Pro. Let us try copying and pasting its contents into a text file. The result is gibberish:

   Denition 1. This paragraph is nonsense, but contains some math
   formulas such as 1; : : : ; n 2 Q[i; p 2] and R 1 0 (x)f(x) dx.
   We like to compute Gobner bases eciently. We also like symbols such
   as    and x  yy.

It is obvious that the document will not be searchable, nor can it be read aloud by a screen reader. Foreign letters such as "ö" and "α", ligatures such as "fi" and "ffi", and most mathematical symbols have simply been omitted, while some other symbols were translated to random characters.

The second document example2.pdf was generated by the methods described below. When copying and pasting from this document, we get this result:

   Definition 1. This paragraph is nonsense, but contains some math
   formulas such as α1, . . . , αn ∈ Q[i, √ 2] and ∫ 1 0 α(x)f(x) dx. 
   We like to compute Gr¨obner bases efficiently. We also like symbols
   such as α ≡ β and x• ∼ y†.

While this is not absolutely perfect (for example, there are no subscripts and superscripts), it is certainly quite readable, and much better than the above.

To illustrate the steps, I will use my Ph.D. thesis as a running example. I wrote my thesis in 1997, long before I had ever heard of PDF, let alone PDF/A.

1. Prerequisites: you must have pdflatex installed, as well as the hyperref and xmpincl packages. Most modern TeX distributions have these things preinstalled.

   Option 1: If you want to generate PDF/A compliant documents "out of the box", you need at least pdfTeX 1.40.15, and preferably pdfTeX 1.40.16. As of this writing in August 2014, this version is not yet included in current software distributions such as Ubuntu, but it is available for installation from Tex Live. You can type pdflatex --version to determine your version.

   Option 2: Even if you have an older version of pdfTeX (such as 1.40.14, which I am currently using), you can still generate PDF/A compliant documents if you also have access to Acrobat Pro. This requires two steps: first use pdflatex to generate an almost PDF/A compliant document, and then use Acrobat Pro to repair the few remaining errors.

2. Find your main source file. I will assume, for the sake of argument, that your main LaTeX file is called thesis.tex. If it has a different name, adjust the following instructions accordingly.

3. Activate hyperref. Add \usepackage{hyperref} to the preamble of your LaTeX source. The preamble is the part of the file between \documentclass and \begin{document}. Do not specify any options to the hyperref package. Then try compiling it with

     pdflatex thesis.tex

   You may get some errors the first time around, but it should compile correctly the second time. If everything goes well, look at the resulting PDF file in Acrobat Reader. (You may have to select "File" → "Reload" if the file was already open before). You should notice a few changes: cross-references (theorems, equations, citations, page numbers, etc.) now show up as hyperlinks, and there should be a sidebar of PDF bookmarks. There are also other subtle changes; for example, Acrobat Reader now correctly understands that "page 17" is actually the 30th page of my thesis.
   With hyperref: thesis-step3.tex, thesis-step3.pdf

   

   If anything goes wrong during this step, I can't offer much help. Try the documentation of the hyperref package, or try googling the error message.

4. Set up PDF/A files. Make sure that you have at least version 1.5.8 of the pdfx package. This is probably preinstalled if your TeX distribution is from 2016 or newer. Please note that older versions of the pdfx package are buggy and do not work. If you don't have at least version 1.5.8, get it from CTAN:
   • The pdfx package at CTAN.

   Copy the following file to the directory where your LaTeX sources are (your "source directory"). It may be helpful to right-click on the link and select "Save Link As".

   • sample.xmpdata

5. Rename sample.xmpdata. Rename the sample.xmpdata file as thesis.xmpdata, of course using the actual base name of your LaTeX source file instead of thesis.

6. Activate pdfx. Add \usepackage[a-1b]{pdfx} to the preamble of your LaTeX source. Note that you must put this before the \usepackage{hyperref}.Then try compiling it with

     pdflatex thesis.tex

   In this step, I received one error, because my document defined the macro \B, which was internally used by the pdfx package. I changed \newcommand{\B}{B} to \renewcommand{\B}{B} and this fixed the problem.

   Assuming there are no further errors, open the resulting PDF file in Acrobat Reader. (You may have to select "File" → "Reload" if the file was already open before). Acrobat Reader should now show a blue header announcing that "You are viewing this document in PDF/A mode." This does not yet mean that your file has been validated to be valid PDF/A. It only means that the file claims to be PDF/A.

   With pdfx: thesis-step6.tex, thesis-step6.xmpdata, thesis-step6.pdf

   

7. Check for Unicode mapping. At this point, you should be able to copy and paste some text from your PDF/A file and get reasonable output. Try copying and pasting some math formulas, text containing ligatures, etc. Of course, one cannot expect every complex math formula to be converted to sensible Unicode; however, you should see a marked improvement in simple mathematical symbols, Greek letters, and so on.

   For example, copying and pasting the beginning of the Proof of Proposition 2.22 from page 27

   gives the following result:

   Proof. 1. ⇒ 3.: Let A be weakly extensional and A |= A = B. Assume FV (A,B) ⊆ ¯x. By weak extensionality, A |= λ∗¯x.A = λ∗¯x.B. This is a closed equation, hence A |=abs λ∗¯x.A = λ∗¯x.B, and finally A |=abs A = B by Lemma 2.15.

8. Check for metadata. In Acrobat Reader, go to "File" → "Properties". You should see a sample title, sample author, sample subject, and sample keywords.
   

   If you have Acrobat Pro, you can also click on "Additional Metadata", and you should also see a sample copyright notice.

9. Edit the metadata. Now you should edit the file thesis.xmpdata to create the metadata that is appropriate for your document. You can delete any entry (such as \Keywords or \Subject) that you do not need, and edit the remaining ones to suit your purpose. You can use UTF-8 encoded Unicode in this file, in case you would like to include any foreign letters, math formulas, etc. See Section 5, "Metadata format", for more details on what you can put here.

   Then recompile your document, reopen the file in Acrobat, and check that your metadata shows up correctly. (Don't forget "File" → "Reload" in case the file is still open from before).

   With metadata: thesis-step9.tex, thesis-step9.xmpdata, thesis-step9.pdf

   

10. Fix the PDF bookmarks. When you open your document in Acrobat Reader or Acrobat Pro, you should see a bookmarks sidebar. It should roughly correspond to the table of contents of your document. Check all of the entries. If any of the entries contain math formulas, they will probably look messed-up. For example, my thesis contains a section called "A class of finite models to distinguish the terms Ω_n", but it may show up in the PDF bookmarks as "A class of finite models to distinguish the terms n". Also, instead of "D_∞-models" we may see "D-models".

    More complicated math formulas, particularly those involving \boldmath or similar commands, can lead to even-stranger-looking garbage characters in the bookmarks. There are two options for fixing this:

    Option 1: Using plain ASCII.

    We will specify an alternate plain ASCII version of each math formula in a section title, using the command \texorpdfstring. For example, replace

      \section{A class of finite models to distinguish the terms $\Omega_n$}

    by

      \section{A class of finite models to distinguish the terms \texorpdfstring{$\Omega_n$}{Omega\_n}}

    The \texorpdfstring command is very simple. It takes two arguments. The first one is what will be typeset in the document, and the second one is the ASCII equivalent that will go into the bookmarks section. Note that the ASCII you can use here is very basic: for example, you can't specify superscripts or subscripts, and if you want to use an underscore "_", you have to escape it as "\_". Some other symbols, such as "^", can't be used at all.

    Note that you have to run pdflatex at least twice for any changes to take effect. Here is what the output looks like:

    ASCII bookmarks: thesis-step10a.tex, thesis-step10a.xmpdata, thesis-step10a.pdf

    Option 2: Using Unicode.

    To use Unicode characters in the PDF bookmarks, place the following four commands in your LaTeX preamble:

      \usepackage{inputenc}
      \hypersetup{pdfencoding=unicode}
      \inputencoding{utf8}
      \makeatother

    Note that this will change the input encoding of your LaTeX source to UTF-8. It will also allow you to use Unicode characters in the second argument of \texorpdfstring. For example:

      \section{A class of finite models to distinguish the terms \texorpdfstring{$\Omega_n$}{Ωₙ}}

    The result looks rather nice:
    Unicode bookmarks: thesis-step10b.tex, thesis-step10b.xmpdata, thesis-step10b.pdf

    Of course, here I have presupposed that you know how to enter Unicode characters in the editor that you use to write your LaTeX file. I usually do this by copying and pasting the character from some website. For example, if you google "Unicode subscript n", you'll find a browser test page for that character, from which you can then copy and paste.

    If you don't want to enter actual Unicode characters in your LaTeX file, TeX also offers a way to escape them. This requires you to look up the UTF-8 encoding of each character, which you can also find via Google (scroll down to "UTF-8 (hex)"). For example, the UTF-8 encoding of "Omega" is 0xCE 0xA9, and the UTF-8 encoding of "subscript n" is 0xE2 0x82 0x99. You can then enter the characters in your LaTeX file like this:

      \section{A class of finite models to distinguish the terms \texorpdfstring{$\Omega_n$}{^^ce^^a9^^e2^^82^^99}}

    An example file is thesis-step10c.tex; the output is identical to the above.

11. Verify PDF/A-1b compliance. If your pdfTeX version is at least 1.40.15 (see Step 1: Prerequisites), then your generated document should already comply with the PDF/A-1b standard at this point.

    However, it is possible, for a variety of reasons, that you did everything correctly, and your document still doesn't comply. For example, PDF/A-1b does not permit transparency in images, so if you included any images that use transparency, your document may not be compliant. Or you may have included an image that uses the wrong color space. Some font that you used may have been slightly buggy. Or you may have used an older version of pdfTeX.

    Don't worry. In Steps 11 and 12, we will use Acrobat Pro to verify that our document complies with the PDF/A-1b standard, or to fix it if necessary. If you don't have access to Acrobat Pro, you may also try one of the other tools mentioned in Section 2 above.

    To verify compliance in Acrobat Pro, go to "View" → "Tools" → "Print Production" → "Preflight" → "Verify compliance with PDF/A-1b" → "Analyze".

    If your document passes the test, you get a report of "No problems found".

    In this case, you are finished, and you can skip Step 12. However, if you get some errors here, go to Step 12 to fix them.

12. If necessary, convert to PDF/A-1b. If your document fails to pass validation in Step 11 for some reason, then you will have gotten a Preflight report similar to this:

    However, there is no cause for concern, as these errors are easily fixed. In Acrobat Pro, go to "View" → "Tools" → "Print Production" → "Preflight" → "Convert to PDF/A-1b" → "Analyze and fix".

    You'll be asked for a filename for the fixed PDF/A file. I chose thesis-step10b-fixed.pdf. If everything goes well, you'll receive a long report showing things that were fixed, and at the end, the message "No problems found".

    At this point, you can optionally re-run PDF/A-1b validation on the new file, but there will be no further errors.

  \␣               - a literal space  (for example after a macro)
  \%               - a literal '%'
  \{               - a literal '{'
  \}               - a literal '}'
  \backslash       - a literal '\'
  \copyright       - the © copyright symbol

General information:

 \Author           - the document's human author. Separate multiple
                     authors with \sep.
 \Title            - the document's title.
 \Keywords         - list of keywords, separated with \sep.
 \Subject          - the abstract.
 \Org              - publishers.

Copyright information:

 \Copyright        - a copyright statement.
 \CopyrightURL     - location of a web page describing the owner
                     and/or rights statement for this document.
 \Copyrighted      - 'True' if the document is copyrighted, and
                     'False' if it isn't. This is automatically set
                     to 'True' if either \Copyright or \CopyrightURL
                     is specified, but can be overridden. For
                     example, if the copyright statement is "Public
                     Domain", this should be set to 'False'.

Publication information:

\PublicationType   - The type of publication. If defined, must be
                     one of book, catalog, feed, journal, magazine,
                     manual, newsletter, pamphlet. This is
                     automatically set to "journal" if \Journaltitle
                     is specified, but can be overridden.
\Journaltitle      - The title of the journal in which the document
                     was published.
\Journalnumber     - The ISSN for the publication in which the
                     document was published.
\Volume            - Journal volume.
\Issue             - Journal issue/number.
\Firstpage         - First page number of the published version of
                     the document.
\Lastpage          - Last page number of the published version of
                     the document.
\Doi               - Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for the
                     document, without the leading "doi:".
\CoverDisplayDate  - Date on the cover of the journal issue, as a
                     human-readable text string.
\CoverDate         - Date on the cover of the journal issue, in a
                     format suitable for storing in a database field
                     with a 'date' data type.

• Dalhousie has a site license for Acrobat Pro, but it is usually available only to administrators, not students or faculty. Perhaps you can ask a secretary in your department to use his or her copy. If you are a mathematics or statistics student, you can also find a computer running Acrobat Pro XI in room 001 of the Chase building. (Note that of the three computers there, only one has Acrobat Pro XI. Another computer has Acrobat Pro X, which I recommend avoiding if you can).

• The LaTeX template for Dalhousie Theses is available from https://projects.cs.dal.ca/dalthesis/. Please be sure to use version 1.2 or later.